SULFURYL FLUORIDE
CASRN: 2699-79-8

See Occupational Exposure Standards

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

Accidental human exposure caused nausea, vomiting, cramps, itching.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3050]**PEER REVIEWED**

A case attributed to sulfuryl fluoride involved a 30 yr old man who was exposed for about 4 hr to unknown concentrations of a 99:1 mixture of it with chloropicrin. While still at work, he experienced nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, and itching. When admitted to /the/ hospital soon afterward, vital signs were normal; the only abnormalities observed were reddening of the conjunctival, pharyngeal, and nasal mucosae; diffuse rhonchi; and paresthesia of the lateral surface of the right leg. The serum was positive for fluoride. The signs and symptoms resolved quickly; the patient was discharged on the fourth hospital day. He returned three times as an outpatient, complaining of persistent scratching of the throat, flatulence, and difficulty in reading. Ophthalmological examination revealed no abnormality, and the patient was discharged with a strong suspicion that emotional factors played a significant role in his disorder.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

A 25 year old man with postmortem blood alcohol level of 0.156% was found lifeless in a residence that had been fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride under canvas.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

Caution: Potential symptoms of overexposure are conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea and pharyngitis; paresthesia.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Two fatalities occurred when the owners of a home re-entered after the dwelling had been fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl fluoride. The concentration to which the occupants were exposed was not determined. The man died within 24 hr, and the woman expired 6 days after exposure. Signs of intoxication included severe dyspnea, cough, generalized seizure, cardiopulmonary arrest (in the male), and weakness, anorexia, nausea, repeated vomiting, and hypoxemia; ventricular fibrillation and diffuse pulmonary infiltration were also reported in the female.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1471]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**

Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance:

Consider the points of attack /respiratory system, central nervous system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examination.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Inhalation, eye and skin contact
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2006; CCIS Volume 129, edition expires Aug, 2006. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2006; CCIS Volume 129, edition expires Aug, 2006., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Fluorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 416]**PEER REVIEWED**

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary … Monitor for shock and treat if necessary … Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary … For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport … Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. … Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination … . /Fluorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 416]**PEER REVIEWED**

Treatment /of acute poisoning/ includes the iv admin of glucose in saline and gastric lavage with lime water (0.15% calcium hydroxide soln) or other Ca+2 salts to precipitate the fluoride. Calcium gluconate is given iv for tetany; urine volume is kept high with vigorous fluid resuscitation. /Fluoride/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

TEST ANIMALS TOLERATED 100 PPM FOR 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR 6 MO.
[Spencer, E.Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 6th ed. Publication 1093, Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1973., p. 476]**PEER REVIEWED**

ORCHID PLANTS & A GRAPEFRUIT TREE SUFFERED CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE WHEN VIKANE (SO2F2) WAS USED TO FUMIGATE A TERMITE-RIDDEN HOUSE 15-30 FT AWAY. ORCHIDS DEVELOPED BLACK ROT & LEAF TIP ROT AFTER 1 WK, & THE TREE LOST ITS LEAVES & FRUIT AFTER 4 DAYS.
[MORTON M, MORTON H; AM ORCHID SOC BULL 43 (10): 890 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Using quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of sparked (electrical discharge) sulfur hexafluoride over energy and pressure ranges of 4-94 KJ and 40-233 kPa, respectively, the by-products included SOF2, SO2F3, SF4, SOF4, SiF4, SO2, and HF. One mixture containing 0.2% SO2F2 and SiF4, 2% SOF2, and 4% HF was only weakly cytotoxic to Chinese hamster lung cells, exhibiting approx 20% of the cytotoxic activity of sparked SF6.
[Griffin GD et al; Gaseous Dielectr Proc Int Symp 4th: 261-75 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lab experiments showed that Vikane was effective against small groups of the Formosan termite exposed to the gas directly at 20-40 deg C. Very high or total mortality was observed above 20 deg C at concn of 5 ml/3.8 l. At 30 deg C, penetration was sufficient to produce high mortality with gas concn of 4 ml/3.8 l.
[LaFage JP et al; Down Earth 39 (1): 27-32 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The inhalation toxicity of the structural fumigant sulfuryl fluoride was evaluated in male and female New Zealand White rabbits. Exposures during the preliminary 2-wk study were 6 hr/day, 5 day/wk, to 0, 100, 300, or 600 ppm sulfuryl fluoride. Rabbits exposed to 600 ppm sulfuryl fluoride were hyperactive; one animal had a few convulsion. Exposure to 300 or 600 ppm for 2 wk resulted in vacuolation and/or malacia in the cerebrum of all rabbits and most of these rabbits also had moderate inflammation of nasal tissues; rabbits at 600 ppm had inflammed tracheas or bronchi. A subsequent 13 wk study evaluated rabbits exposed to 0, 30, 100, or 337 ppm sulfuryl fluoride. Rabbits initially were exposed to a high concn of 600 ppm; however, convulsions were noted in two animals after nine exposures and the concn subsequently was reduced to 300 ppm. Vacuolation and/or malacia were observed in the cerebrum of all rabbits at the highest concn; one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm also had cerebral vacuolation. Rabbits at the highest concn, as well as one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm, had inflammation of the nasal tissues. Although repeated exposure of rabbits to 100 to 600 ppm sulfuryl fluoride resulted in toxicity to the brain and respiratory system, no effects were detected in rabbits exposed to 30 ppm for 13 wk.
[Eisenbrandt DL, Nitschke KD; Fundam Appl Toxicol 12 (3): 540-57 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Groups of 35 to 36 pregnant Fischer 344 rats and 28 to 29 pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to 0, 25, 75, or 225 ppm of sulfuryl fluoride vapor via inhalation for 6 hr/day on days 6 to 15 and 6 to 18 of gestation, respectively. Among rats, maternal water consumption was increased in the 225 ppm exposure group (p < 0.05), but there were no indications of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in any of the exposed groups. Among rabbits, maternal weight loss during the exposure period (days 6 to 18) was observed in the 225 ppm group. Decr fetal body wt, considered secondary to maternal weight loss, were also observed at 225 ppm. However, no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed among rabbits in any exposure group. For both species a low incidence of malformations were seen scattered among all exposure groups, with no indication of any treatment related effects. In preliminary studies, exposure of pregnant rats and rabbits to 30, 100, or 300 ppm sulfuryl fluoride produced significantly decr maternal wt gain in both rats and rabbits exposed to 300 ppm. Increased absolute kidney wt (rats) and decr liver wt (rabbits) were also observed at this exposure level. No adverse effects were observed at either 30 or 100 ppm in either species.
[Hanley TR, et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 13 (1): 79-86 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal exposures of 1000 ppm for 3 hr or of 15,000 ppm for 6 min were fatal to fewer than 5% of animals tested. /Species not specified/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 684]**PEER REVIEWED**

Both sexes of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits and female rhesus monkeys tolerated air concentrations of 100 ppm (417 mg/cu m) without apparent adverse effect when exposed 7 hr a day, 5 days a wk, for 6 mo. Observations included survival, general appearance, behavior, and the appearance of internal organs of animals killed at the end of the experiment … Later it was reported that a concentration of 20 ppm produced detectable effects in rats, mice, and guinea pigs exposed 7 hr a day for 6 mo, but the injury present after 12 mo was reversible when exposure was discontinued. Some evidence of fluorosis was observed in the incisors of mice but not in those of rats or guinea pigs. … Although the long term effects of sulfuryl fluoride are those of excess fluoride, it seems possible that some or all of the acute effects are those of the intact molecule.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

A review of unpublished reports of animal experiments apparently … /indicated/ that dosages sufficient to produce illness from a single exposure produce respiratory irritation, CNS depression, and possible liver and kidney injury.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

… PHYTOTOXIC BUT WITH LITTLE EFFECT ON THE GERMINATION OF WEED & CROP SEEDS.
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pregnant Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to 0, 25, 75, or 225 ppm of sulfuryl fluoride vapor via inhalation for 6 hr/day on days 6-15 and 6-18 of gestation, respectively. Among rats, maternal water consumption was increased in the 225 ppm exposure group, but there were no indications of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in any of the exposed groups. Among rabbits, maternal wt loss during the exposure period (days 6-18) was observed in the 225 ppm group. Decreased fetal body wt, considered secondary to maternal wt loss, were also observed at 225 ppm. However, no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed among rabbits in any exposure group. Thus, inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride was not teratogenic in either rats or rabbits exposed to levels of up to 225 ppm, and fetotoxic effects (reduced body wt) were observed among fetal rabbits only at an exposure level that produced maternal wt loss.
[Hanley TR Jr et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 13 (1): 79-86 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Male rats that inhaled 4000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride survived about 2.5 hours; tonic convulsions were observed just prior to death. With exposure to concentrations up to 40,000 ppm, the time to death decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Pulmonary edema, cyanosis, respiratory arrest, and convulsions preceded death at the higher concentrations. Because circulating fluoride was elevated in the animals that died, the authors considered that the toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride was due, at least in part, to fluoride.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sulfuryl fluoride has been shown to induce renal and pulmonary injury on repeated exposure to high concentrations. Repeated inhalation of sulfuryl fluoride by rats, guinea pigs, and mice at 20 ppm, 7 hours/day caused no significant effects in 6 months; however, after 12 months, there was slight injury which was reversed after exposure was terminated. Some evidence of fluorosis was observed in the incisors of mice; none was observed in the teeth of rats or guinea pigs.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rats and rabbits were exposed at 100, 300, or 600 ppm sulfuryl fluoride vapor 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks or to 30,100, or 300 ppm for 13 weeks. In the 2-week study, 9 of 10 rats died when exposed at 600 ppm; necropsy revealed extensive renal necrosis. The surviving rat had inflamed respiratory and nasal tissue, but only moderate kidney lesions. Minimal renal damage was seen in the rats exposed at 300 ppm. Rabbits exposed at 300 or 600 ppm demonstrated hyperactivity and developed convulsions, moderate inflammation of nasal tissues, and some inflammation of the trachea or bronchi. In the 13-week study, rats that inhaled 100 or 300 ppm had mottled incisors. Rats that inhaled 300 ppm developed minimal cerebral vacuolation, minimal signs of renal involvement, pulmonary histiocytosis, inflammation of nasal tissues, and slight, elevation in serum fluoride concentrations. Rabbits exposed at 100 ppm or 300 ppm had varying degrees of nasal tissue inflammation and significant elevation of serum fluoride concentrations. Serum fluoride was also elevated in the rabbits exposed at 30 ppm; however, exposure to this concentration did not induce toxicity in rats or rabbits.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

When female rhesus monkeys inhaled 100 ppm (417 mg/cu m) sulfuryl fluoride, 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 months, their survival, general appearance, and behavior were reportedly unaffected.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mice are more sensitive than rats to the acute effects of inhaled sulfuryl fluoride, whereas rabbits were considered somewhat less sensitive; tonic convulsions were recorded after exposure and aveolar hemorrhage/pulmonary congestion was seen in those that inhaled greater than or equal to 6000 ppm.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Rat oral 100 mg/kg
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 684]**PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Guinea pig oral 100 mg/kg
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 684]**PEER REVIEWED**

NOEL Rat and Rabbit 30 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 day/wk
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Rat inhalation approx 1000 ppm/4 hr
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites:

In the absence of studies on mammals, it is necessary to refer to an excellent study on termites. First it was shown that termites fumigated with a nonlethal concentration of [35S]sulfuryl fluoride excreted inorganic sulfate, indicating that fluoride had been released. Then, using the labeled metabolic pool technique … separate studies of termites prefed on sodium [14C]acetate or on [32P]phosphate showed that fumigated termites exhibited aspectrum of metabolic changes characteristic of fluoride toxicity.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

… It was shown that termites fumigated with a nonlethal concentration of (35)S sulfuryl fluoride excreted inorganic sulfate, indicating that fluoride had been released. Then, using the labeled metabolic pool technique, separate studies of termites prefed sodium (14)C acetate or on (32)P phosphate showed that fumigated termites exhibited a spectrum of metabolic changes characteristic of fluoride toxicity.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED. … FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES, AND IT IS CONCENTRATED IN BONE, THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PRIMARILY DEPOSITED IN BONE & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE. … MAJOR ROUTE OF … EXCRETION IS VIA THE KIDNEYS; … /ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT/ IN SWEAT, MILK, AND INTESTINAL SECRETIONS. … ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solutions of fluoride salts are rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, probably by simple diffusion … Less than 10% of the ingested fluoride is excreted in the feces, but the proportion varies with circumstances … The simultaneous presence of strongly fluoride-binding ions, especially calcium ions, will reduce the absorption of fluoride … In patients ingesting aluminum-containing antacids, fluoride absorption decr to about 40%, and the retention decr to nil. /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.37 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In the industrial environment, the respiratory tract is the major route of absorption of both gaseous and particulate fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride being highly soluble in water is rapidly taken up in the upper respiratory tract … Depending on their aerodynamic characteristics, fluoride-containing particles will be deposited in the nasopharynx, the tracheo-bronchial tree and the alveoli … Dermal absorption of fluoride has only been reported in the case of burns resulting from exposure to hydrofluoric acid … . /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.37 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

About 75% of the blood fluoride is present in the plasma; the rest is mainly in or on the red blood cells … Fluoride in human serum exists in both ionic and nonionic forms. … For the general population under steady-state conditions of exposure, the concn of fluoride ions in plasma is directly related to the fluoride content of the drinking water. /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.38 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluoride ions are taken up rapidly by bone by replacing hydroxyl ions in bone apatite. /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.40 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In adult teeth, the fluoride content of the surface layer of enamel (thickness 10 um) is reported to be 900-1,000 mg/kg in areas with low fluoride levels in the water, about 1,500 mg/kg in fluoridated areas, and about 2,700 mg/kg in areas with fluoride concn in the drinking water of 3 mg/L … The average concn of fluoride in dentine is 2-3 times that in enamel and is affected by growth and mineralization. As with bone and enamel, dentin fluoride levels are higher in the surface (circumpulpal) regions than in the interior … . /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.41 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The principal route of fluoride excretion is via the urine. Some excretion takes place through sweat and feces, and fluoride also appears in saliva. Fluoride crosses the placenta; it rarely seems to be excreted in milk to any significant extent. /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.42 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Biological Half-Life:

… Bone retains about 60% of iv-injected fluoride and that the half-time for this uptake is only about 13 min; both blood and extracellular fluid levels therefore decr rapidly. After ingestion of sodium fluoride, plasma fluoride levels show a much slower change with a half-life of about 3 hr … . /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides p.38 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mechanism of Action:

Fluoride is an inhibitor of several enzyme systems and diminishes tissue respiration and anaerobic glycolysis. … /it also/ binds Ca+2. It also inhibits erythrocyte glycolysis. /Fluoride/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pharmacology:

Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Inhalation, eye and skin contact
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

FIFRA Requirements:

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Sulfuryl fluoride is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0176; Pesticide type: antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 06/30/85; Case Status: RED Approved 09/93; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Sulfuryl fluoride; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 07/20/90, 11/10/92, 09/30/93; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.150 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

F2-O2-S
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

102.06
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

COLORLESS GAS
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Colorless compressed gas
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1997., p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor:

ODORLESS
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odorless.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 292]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point:

-55.38 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point:

-135.82 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Corrosivity:

NON-CORROSIVE
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical Temperature & Pressure:

CRITICAL TEMP: 96 + OR – 20 DEG C
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979., p. 488]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

3.72 G/L (GAS), 1.7 G/L (LIQ)
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992-1993., p. 4-104]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities:

4-5 ML GAS/100 ML WATER; 24-27 ML GAS/100 ML ALC; 136-138 ML GAS/100 ML CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; 210-220 ML GAS/100 ML TOLUENE
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALKALIS
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 546]**PEER REVIEWED**

MISCIBLE WITH METHYL BROMIDE; SPARINGLY SOL IN MOST ORG SOLVENTS
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979., p. 488]**PEER REVIEWED**

In water 750 mg/kg @ 25 deg C, 1 atm; in ethanol 0.24 to 0.27 l/l; in toluene 2.1 to 2.2 l/l; in carbon tetrachloride 1.36 to I.38 l/l
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Slightly soluble in cold water and most organic solvents.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1105]**PEER REVIEWED**

Water solubility = 750 ppm at 77 deg F (25 deg C), 1 atm
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1997., p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Density:

3.5 (Air= 1)
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure:

1.7X10+6 Pa at 21.1 deg C (12.750 mm Hg at 21.1 deg C)
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

NOT HYDROLYZED BY WATER; HYDROLYZED BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLN; NOT VERY REACTIVE
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Stable to light; stable up to about 500 deg C when dry; rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali, but not by water.
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Freezing point = -136.7 deg C
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1105]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density = 4.478 g/l
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-88]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor pressure = 9150 mm Hg at 50 deg F (10 deg C)
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1997., p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire or explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. … Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters’ protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: … Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Small Fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large Fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not get water inside containers. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists. Fire involving tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-123]**QC REVIEWED**

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances: Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 30 meters (100 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles) and NIGHT 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles). LARGE SPILLS (from a large package or from many small packages): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 95 meters (300 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) and NIGHT 2.3 kilometers (1.4 miles).
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. TABLE]**QC REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material involved in fire: extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1024]**PEER REVIEWED**

Explosive Limits & Potential:

Non-combustible
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1105]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

CAN REACT WITH WATER, STEAM.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3050]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Decomposition:

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS VERY TOXIC FUMES OF … /HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES/.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3051]**PEER REVIEWED**

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

200 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 292]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing:

A self-contained breathing apparatus or full face gas mask with acid gas/organicvapor canister, approved by NIOSH … .
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1984., p. C-241]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50 ppm: Respirator Classes: Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 ppm Respirator Class: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 200 ppm Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air purifying, full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern. Any appropriate escape type, self contained breathing apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen from contact with the liquid or from contact with vessels containing the liquid.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee’s place of work for cleaning.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 293]**QC REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures:

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**PEER REVIEWED**

If material not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1024]**PEER REVIEWED**

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. … Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1024]**PEER REVIEWED**

Stability/Shelf Life:

STABLE TO 400 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Stable to light. Stable up to approx 500 deg C when dry. Rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali, but not by water.
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance … and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by … /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997., p. 217]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.2114-2 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Storage Conditions:

MAY BE STORED IN COMPRESSED FORM IN STEEL CYLINDERS OR IN GASOMETER OVER SULFURIC ACID.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Store cylinders upright, away from heat in a secured, well ventilated area away from dwellings and work areas. Do not contaminate or store near food, feed, or drugs. When not in use, all full and partially used or empty cylinders must have the valve closed and the valve cover hood securely in place.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1984., p. C-241]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods:

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**

The following disposal method has been suggested … allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime.
[Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980., p. 693]**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 ppm (20 mg/cu m).
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/cu m); STEL 10 ppm (40 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 372]**QC REVIEWED**

Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 10 ppm.
[ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 52]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH Recommendations:

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 ppm (20 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 292]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 10 ppm (40 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 292]**QC REVIEWED**

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

200 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 292]**QC REVIEWED**

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

INSECTICIDE & FUMIGANT
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 546]**PEER REVIEWED**

SULFURYL FLUORIDE IS AN INSECTICIDE USED FOR FUMIGATING STRUCTURES, VEHICLES & WOOD PRODUCTS TO CONTROL DRYWOOD TERMITES & WOOD-INFESTING BEETLES… .
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**

… Used in organic synthesis of drugs and dyes.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**

Used as a fumigant for control Blattodea, Coleoptra, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, and rodents
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

DowElanco Inc, Hq, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, (317) 337-3000; Production site: Pittsburg, CA 94565
[SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997., p. 798]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

MADE BY THERMAL DECOMP OF BARIUM DI(FLUOROSULFATE) … .
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979., p. 488]**PEER REVIEWED**

Prepared by heating barium difluorosulfite; alternate preparation from silver fluoride and sulfur dioxide.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sulfuryl fluoride may be made by: burning fluorine in sulfur dioxide; heating barium fluorosulfonate.
[Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980., p. 693]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

UNDER CONDITIONS OF USAGE AS A GRAIN FUMIGANT, SULFURYL FLUORIDE REACTED WITH PROTEIN AND RELEASED INORGANIC FLUORIDE. SOME SULFATE WAS ALSO FOUND.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 290]**PEER REVIEWED**

Introduced in 1957 by Dow Chemical Co under trade mark ‘vikane‘.
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979., p. 488]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

IT IS USED AS THE 99% M/M /PROPORTION BY MASS/ TECHNICAL PRODUCT.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods:

NIOSH Method 8308. Analyte: Fluoride ion. Specimen: Urine, pre- and post-shift. Procedure: Ion selective electrode. For fluoride ion this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.1 mg/l urine sample. The precision/RSD is 0.04 and the recovery is 0.95. The working range is 1 to 100 mg/l urine for a 50 ml sample. Applicability: Any fluorine containing substances that can be metabolized to fluoride can be monitored using this procedure. Interferences: Hydroxide, the only positive interference, is eliminated by use of the buffer. /Fluoride ion/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

A method is described for the collection and determination of sulfuryl fluoride in air. The sulfuryl fluoride is extracted with diluted sodium hydroxide, evaporated (an aliquot) to dryness, and determined by ion chromatography. An average recovery of 95.8% with standard deviation of 11% was obtained for a concn range of 1.0 to 10 ppm for 4 hr sampling periods.
[Bouyoucos SA et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44 (1): 57-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 117. Analyte: Total fluoride. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Ion specific electrode. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 0.05 to 475 mg/cu m using a 40 liter sample. Method detection limit: Not determined. Precision (Coefficient of Variation): 0.065. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (40 liter) the useful range is 0.05 to 0.5 mg/cu m. Interferences: Hydroxide ion and monofluorophosphate ion. /Total fluoride/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V1 117-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method S245. Analyte: Sulfuryl fluoride. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 2.54 to 10.29 ppm using a 3 liter sample. Method detection limit: 0.1 ppm. Precision (CVT): 0.025. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (3 ppm) the useful range was 1X10+4. Interferences: No specific interferences.
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V6 S245-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analysis by GLC, IR spectrometry or by an instrument that pyrolyses sulfuryl fluoride (measuring the resultant sulfur dioxide); atmospheres analyzed by trapping in aqueous alkali and titration of the fluorosulfate produced; or a thermal conductivity meter (SG Heuser; Anal Chem 35: 1476 (1963)).
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 6012: Sulfuryl Fluoride by Ion Chromatography; Determination of Sulfuryl Fluoride by Ion Chromatography with Conductivity Detection; Ion chromatography/conductivity detection, workplace air, detection limit of 0.70 mg/cu-m.
[USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0. NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sampling Procedures:

Worker breathing-zone or area samples are collected by pumping air through a glass tube containing 1 g of activated charcoal.
[Bouyoucos SA et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44 (1): 57-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method S245. Analyte: Sulfuryl fluoride. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Collection in gas sampling bag. Flow Rate: 0.05 l/min or less. Sample Size: 3 liters.
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V6 S245-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

FLUORO DE SULFURILO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUORURE DE SULFURYLE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**

SULFONYL FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

SULFUR DIFLUORIDE DIOXIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

SULFURIC OXYFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

SULPHURYL DIFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

VIKANE
**PEER REVIEWED**

VIKANE FUMIGANT
**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

IT IS USED AS THE 99% M/M /PROPORTION BY MASS/ TECHNICAL PRODUCT.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 2191; SULFURYL FLUORIDE

IMO 2.3; SULFURYL FLUORIDE

1.0 Background

ProFume^® Fact Sheet

ProFume^® Fumigation Warning Sign

ProFume^® HazMat Sheet

ProFume^® MSDS

Sulfuryl Fluoride Pesticide Tolerance (EPA)

Model GF-1900 Instruction Manual      (1.1 MB) 

Click on above link to download pdf version of manual        

• Percent of scale length (percent of full scale)
• Percent of actual output reading

It is stipulated that some analytical purists may take issue with our “virtual” measuring range argument, but then analytical purists—happily ensconced in their laboratories—do not have to clear structures, subject to extremely demanding environmental regulations.